This is an infectious agent, the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is found more often in young people, with the main route of infection being sexual contact. The presence of the virus does not always mean the onset of disease. In 5-10% of carriers, clinical manifestations occur, while in other cases, the course is asymptomatic. Symptoms may appear during periods of weakened immunity, including during pregnancy.
Viral agents live only in the human body – affect the skin and mucous membranes. Papillomavirus used to be considered harmless, but modern research has shown that the problem is quite serious. It is scientifically proven that some strains of the virus can cause the appearance of benign and malignant neoplasms.
Development and localization
To begin with, it is important to note that there are over 600 strains of this virus. That is, there is not one diagnosis, one variant of consequences, and one variant of manifestations. There are many different situations associated with infection.
If the immune system is strong, it can easily cope with the virus on its own and within a few years “oust” it from the body. But at the same time, it is also possible to be re-infected or become ill with a different strain.
Papillomas and other symptoms of papillomavirus in the form of masses that develop as a result of infection can appear in different places:
- on the skin anywhere;
- in the anogenital area;
- in the mouth, bronchi and upper respiratory tract;
- in the rectum, etc.
Formations can grow and form entire groups, and can gradually shrivel up and disappear – it all depends on the specific situation.
How it is transmitted
Possible options:
- Sexual transmission. The virus is spread from a sick person to a healthy person through any kind of unprotected sexual contact.
- Household contact. Through the use of shared hygiene items.
- Perinatally. From mother to newborn child, most often during childbirth.
Progression of the disease is possible even with exposure to small amounts of viral particles, especially if the immune system is weakened.
What is dangerous in women
The most vulnerable to HPV infection and the development of adverse effects are women 15-30 years old, although the risk is at any age. Cervical oncology is often associated with papillomavirus infection. Cancer of the vulva and vagina, anal canal also occurs in women.
It is extremely important to undergo regular diagnostics, as detection of the problem in the early stages is the key to successful treatment.
Papillomavirus symptoms
The main signs are neoplasms that occur most often on the genitals, but also on the neck, eyelids, nose, mucosa of the mouth and stomach, in the armpits.
The main symptoms are:
- Warts. Small growths with clear boundaries like blisters that appear on the palms, feet, elbows.
- Papillomas on the body. A distinctive feature is a thin stem, on which there is a more voluminous bulge. Appear mainly under the arms, on the neck, eyelids.
- Spicy condylomas. Resemble the shape of a cock’s comb or cauliflower, most often localized in the area of the perineum.
- Pain during sexual intercourse and urination. There may also be constant discomfort, itching and burning sensations.
- Abnormal discharge. Bloody (outside the menstrual cycle) or abundant strange color and with an unpleasant odor.
- Enlargement of lymph nodes in the groin area or other places.
- Indirect signs – problems with concentration, constant weakness, fatigue. Sometimes a person can not understand why he has papillomas, because he does not know that he is infected with papillomavirus.
Treatment of diseases caused by papillomavirus
There are several directions of therapy:
- Topical treatment. Treatment and cauterization of warts and other formations under the supervision of a doctor.
- Physical methods. Excision, cryofreezing, electrowave and radio wave methods of removing formations.
- Immunomodulatory therapy. Can be used to maintain the overall immune status of the patient.
- Antiviral agents. Can be used, but their effectiveness against papillomavirus is limited.
The doctor selects a method according to individual characteristics, the nature of the course of the disease.
Features of papillomavirus diagnosis and the role of regular check-ups
Diagnosing human papillomavirus infection can be difficult, as many people may not notice symptoms or they go unnoticed until serious consequences occur. There are several diagnostic methods to accurately detect the virus, including PCR testing, which can detect even small amounts of viral particles in the body. For women, especially those between the ages of 21 and 65, it is recommended to undergo regular Pap tests (cervical smears), which can help detect precancerous changes caused by papillomavirus. For men, it is important to be examined by a urologist to detect possible signs of condylomas or other complications caused by the virus.
Prevention of human papillomavirus infection
About 80% of sexually active people are infected with human papillomavirus. The best defense against dangerous strains is vaccination.
Vaccination provides specific prevention against papillomavirus, which causes genital warts and cancer.
Nonspecific prevention includes the following recommendations to greatly reduce the risk of infection:
- practicing personal hygiene, especially in public places;
- maintaining a high level of immunity;
- avoiding promiscuous sexual activity;
- using condoms;
- regular check-ups with a doctor and screening tests;
- including vitamins A, C, folic acid and beta-carotene in the diet;
- avoiding smoking and alcohol abuse.
Conclusion
Human papillomavirus is a widespread infection that can lead to various health complications, including benign and malignant growths, particularly in women. While most papillomavirus infections remain asymptomatic and resolve on their own, certain strains can cause serious diseases such as cervical cancer. Early detection through regular screenings and timely medical intervention are key to preventing the progression of HPV-related conditions. Vaccination offers the most effective protection against high-risk HPV strains, significantly reducing the risk of cancer. Alongside vaccination, maintaining good personal hygiene, practicing safe sex, and strengthening the immune system through a balanced lifestyle are essential preventive measures. Regular check-ups and consultations with healthcare professionals are crucial for detecting and managing papillomavirus infections, ensuring a healthier and safer future.
